ANALYSIS OF PROPERTIES OF KAOLIN DEPOSITS IN NIGERIA (CASE OF STUDIES OF KPANKOROGI AND IJERO-EKITI)
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TITLE PAGE
ANALYSIS OF PROPERTIES OF KAOLIN DEPOSITS IN NIGERIA (CASE OF STUDIES OF KPANKOROGI AND IJERO-EKITI)
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "analysis of properties of kaolin deposits in nigeria (case of studies of kpankorogi and ijero-ekiti)" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This study considered the mineralogical, elemental composition in form oxides and engineering properties such as particle size, specific gravity, bulk density; water content and atterberg limits of two kaolin deposits in Kpankorogi in Edu Local Government of Kwara State and in Ijero-Ekiti in Ijero-Ekiti Local Government Area, Ekiti State.This is with a view to assessing their potentials for Various industrial applications. The analyses includes X-Ray Diffraction (XRD and X-Ray Fluorescence(XRF). It was observed that the kaolin sample from Kpankorogi is dominated by Quartz and the one from Ijero- ekiti by Orthoclase. The result of the chemical analysis indicates the presences of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, MnO, CaO, MgO, K2O, Na2O, CuO, ZmO, Cr2O5, V2O5 and Sc2O3. The X RD In particular, shows that Kpankorogi kaolin contains Quartz and Kaolinite while Ijero- Ekiti contains in addition to kaolinite,s orthoclase and Muscovite. Considering the possible applications of the two kaolin deposits, it was observed they do not meet the required standards completely in all instances.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of Content vi-vii
List of Tables viii
List of Figures xi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aim and Objectives of the Study 2
1.2 Scope and Limitation of the Study 3
1.3 Research Justification 3
1.4 Problems Statement 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 4
2.1 Historical Background of the Study 4
2.2 Properties of Kaolin 5
2.3 Uses of Kaolin 6
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods 8
3.1 Description of the Study Areas 8
3.2 Method of Samples Collection 8
3.3 Laboratory Analyses 12
3.3.1 Moisture Content 12
3.3.2 Bulk Density Determination 13
3.3.3 Specific Gravity Determination 13
3.3.4 Grain Size Analyses 15
3.3.5 Atterberg Limit 17
3.3.6.1 Liquid Limit 17
3.3.6.2 Plastic Limit 18
3.3.6.3 Shrinkage Limit 19
3.3.7 X.R.D. Analysis 20
3.3.8 X.R.F. Analysis 22
CHAPTER FOUR
- Results And Discussion 23
4.1 Properties of Kpankorogi and Ijere-Ekiti Kaolin Deposits 23
4.2 Water Content Distribution 23
4.2 Bulk Density 24
4.3 Specific Gravity 24
4.4 Atterberg Limits 24
4.5 Sieves Analyses 25
4.1.6 X-ray Diffraction 26
4.6 X-ray Fluorescence 28
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 31
5.1 Conclusion 31
5.2 Recommendation 31
References 33
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: Engineering and physical properties of the samples 31
Table 4.2: Grain Size Analysis of the samples 32
Table 4.3: Chemical composition of the Samples 33
Table 4.4: Mineralogical components of the Samples 33
Table 4.5 Major elemental oxides tested by kaolin sample compared
with chemical and industrial specifications 34
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 3.1: Map of Nigeria Showing Kwara and Ekiti State s 12
Fig. 3.2: Map of Ekiti State indicating the study Area A
Fig. 3.3: Map of Kwara State indicating the Study Area B
Fig. 4.1: X-ray Diffractogram of Kpankorogi Kaolin Sample 35
Fig.4.2: X-ray Diffractogram of Ijero-Ekiti Kaolin Sample 36
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Kaolin is a clay rock and part of the group of industrial minerals with the chemical composition (Al2Si205 (OH)4. It is a layered silicate mineral with one tetrahedral sheet linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet alumina i.e. structurally composed of silicate sheet (Si2O5) bonded to aluminum oxide/hydroxide layer Al2 (OH)4 called gibbsite layers and repeating layer of the mineral are hydrogen bonded together. (Rost, 1992; Bish, 1993; Klein and Kuribut, 1993; Slivka, 2002).
Kaolin is a plastic raw material, particular consisting of clay mineral kaolinite. In systematic mineralogy, Kaolin ranks among phyllosilicates, which are stratified clay minerals formed by a network of tetrahedral and octahedral layers. Phyllosillicates are classified into the main groups according to the type of layers, inter-layer contents, charge of the layers and chemical formulas. Besides kaolinite groups, serpentine, halloysite, pyrofylite, mica and montmorillonite groups also ranks among phylllosillicates. Group of kaolinites includes di-octahedral mineral with two layers and one silica (SiO4) tetrahedral layer and one aluminum (Al2(OH)4) octahedral layer. The layers are bondecd together by sharing oxygen anion between Al and Si together, these two layers are called platelets (Pauk,et al.,1962;Stejskal, 1971., Duda et al., and Hurlbut, 1993).
Kaolinite shares the same chemistry as the mineral halloysite, dickeite and necrite. The four minerals are polymorphs as they have the same chemistry but different structures. All the minerals were derived from chemical alteration of aluminum rich silicate minerals, such as feldspars. However, they could be found as sedimentary deposits as well as hydrothermal alteration product of rocks containing a high of alumino-silicate minerals.
Kaolin is formed under acidic conditions through weathering or hydrothermal change of feldspars, and to a lower extent also other weathered kaolin deposits, kaolin clay or may be a compound of kaolinite, sandstones and olitic ironstones, and less frequently also of pegmatite and hydrothermal deposit. The most significant kaolin deposits were formed through intensive weathering of rock rich in feldspars (granite, arkoses, certain types of ortho-gneisses and misgmatites).
Millions years ago, original material was decomposed by weathering, giving rise to kaolin and silica combined with higher or lower amounts of admixtures.(Bernard, el al; 1992).
1.1 Aim and Objectives of the Study
Aim of this study is to determine the suitable industrial application of kaolin from location investigated.
To achieve the above stated aim, the following objective will be carried out:
i. determination of mineralogical composition of the kaolin deposits
ii.
determination of the chemical/oxide composition of the deposits
iii determination of the physical and engineering properties of the kaolin deposits.
1.2 Scope and Limitation of the Study
The purpose of this project covers two deposits, the Kpankorogi and the Ijero-Ekiti kaolin deposits. Samples were collected from each of the deposits for oxide analyses, mineralogical analyses as well as the determination of the engineering and physical properties. The numbers of samples are limited due to cost constraint. A sample is collected from each of the deposits for both the oxides and mineralogical analyses. This particular study does not include reserve estimation, but this is recommended for future workers.
1.3 Research Justification
Since Kaolin is a widely used industrial material, determination of its chemical composition, mineralogical contents and engineering properties are very important. It will enable the suitable industrial and economic applications of Kaolin.
1.4 Problem Statement
Difficulty where encounter in this project research, during the samples collection. During the collection of samples digging where involved to get the appropriate samples, which is very tedious to dig. More so, during the analyses of the of engineering properties of the samples in which problems occur by which some engineering properties was not able to carried out which it as been refer for the future work.
1.5 Project Organisation
This work is divided into five chapters including this introduction. Chapter two is on the literature review and method of data collection are in chapter three. Results of findings are discussed in chapter four. The way forward is and conclusion in chapter five.
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